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Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics

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FIGURE 1.24. T-junction flow of water and hexadecane (2% Span80) in submicron channels. Depending on the relative pressure in the channels, different patterns of droplets are formed due to an instability. (Courtesy of S. Quake and T. Thorsen.)

vice.

FIGURE 1.25. Front view of a gramicidin ion channel. Only the protein with the nanoscopic pore is shown. The diameter of the pore is 4 A, and the length is

25 A.

FIGURE 1.26. A schematic diagram of a nanopore-based DNA sequencing de

FIGURE 1.27. A schematic diagram of the crossed microfluidic channels separated by a nanometer-diameter capillary array interconnect. Upper right: the cross-sectional schematic of the nanocapillary. Lower right: schematic diagram showing the relative sizes of the channel diameter (denoted by a) and the Debye length (denoted by k^-1) of the electrolyte solution. (Courtesy of P.W. Bohn.)

LIQUID FLOWS GAS FLOWS

ATOMISTIC

CONTINUUM

ATOMISTIC

Ml)

Spectral Elements

Lattice Boltzmann

Lattice Boltzmann

Boundary Elements

FIGURE 1.28. Summary of simulation methods for liquid and gas microflows. MD refers to molecular dynamics, and DPD refers to dissipative particle dynamics.

MEMS / -fluidics

FIGURE 1.29. Energy domains in MEMS/microfluidics.

FIGURE 1.30. Block diagram of a generic microfluidic system. The flow sensor senses the flowrate which is controlled by the electronic circuit controlling the

pump.

FIGURE 1.31. (A) Mask design for the microfluidic memory storage device. The chip contains an array of 25 x 40 chambers, each of which has a volume of 250 pl. Each chamber can be individually addressed using the column and row multiplexors. The contents of each memory location can be selectively programmed to be either blue dye (sample input) or water (wash buffer input). (B) Purging mechanics for a single chamber within a selected row of the chip. Each row contains three parallel microchannels. A specific chamber is purged as follows: (i) Pressurized fluid is introduced into the purge buffer input. (ii) The row multi

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