# Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics

Скачать в pdf «Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics»

mm; thus all microbubbles are spherical. Similarly, for a silicone oil droplet we have that    ls    «    1.5    mm, and    thus    micron-size    oil    droplets    are spherical

as well. The Bond number defined as

(8.4)

FIGURE 8.3. Surface tension balance at equilibrium.

L2

where L is a characteristic length (here the bubble diameter), determines the relative importance of gravity. For Bo < 10~3 the effects of gravity can be neglected.

When gravity is important, the condition for equilibrium at points belonging to the interface is

pgz y

1 1

b[ + R~2

C,

(8.5)

which expresses hydrostatic equilibrium with C a constant. The radii of curvature are taken positive if the centers of curvature are located on the gas side of the interface. This equation is useful in studying the rise of a liquid in a micropipe partially immersed in a liquid. In particular, depending on

(a)    (b)

FIGURE 8.4. A sketch illustrating the definition of the contact angle. Panel (a) corresponds to a wetting surface (в < 90°), and panel (b) corresponds to a nonwetting surface (в > 90°).

the liquid-pipe    interaction,    the free    surface    of the    liquid    may    rise    or    fall

into the pipe. This phenomenon is called capillarity. We can compute the height of liquid rise H by a simple hydrostatic balance following the sketch of Figure 8.2. The hydrostatic pressure is Ap = pgH, and for a micropipe of radius r we assume that the radius of curvature is R = r/ cos в, where в is the contact angle; see below. Therefore, equilibrium implies that